The title page of Jacobus Masenius's Familiarum Argutiarum Fontes -- The Fountains of Familiar Jests (Cologne, 1668).

Here Pallas Athena is pictured, as she most usually is in premodern iconography across Europe, by both Catholics and Protestants, with her spear, her helmit and her aegis. The accompanying Latin motto states "pulcrior alienis armis" -- more beautiful than alien arms. Because of her spear Athena is known from a number of extant sources explicitly as the "spear shaker." The meaning of the motto may be deduced from the surrounding cultural context: Athena's doctrine of civil peace through art -- her "spearshaking" --was preferable to foreign conquest or foreign domination. Art could build sublime documents

After the reproduction in John Sparrow's Visible Words: A Study of Incriptions in and As Books and Works of Art. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1969.

Go on to Minerva Britanna